Sensitivity of a physically realizable heliogyro root pitch control system to inherent damping models

The heliogyro solar sail employs high aspect ratio blades that are rigidized by spinning about the central spacecraft, eliminating the need for structural booms typically used to tension traditional square sails. The easily scalable heliogyro gains its maneuverability by actuating the blades at their root with sinusoidal pitch profiles. The blade vibration caused by maneuvering must be attenuated using active control since there is little inherent damping in the blade material. Due to the small root pitch control torques required, on the order of 2 µNm, compared to the large friction torques associated with a root pitch actuator, it has only recently been shown that a single blade heliogyro impedance controller can add damping to the lowest frequency torsional modes of the blade in the presence of modeled actuator friction torques. However, the need to measure blade twist away from the actuator at the root creates a non-collocated control system. Some inherent damping at the blade’s higher frequency modes is therefore needed to stably add damping to the larger-magnitude low-frequency modes, hence control design is sensitive to the accuracy of the blade damping model. Recently, damping characterization tests performed on a small-scale heliogyro blade in a high-vacuum chamber invalidated the assumption of a linear viscous torsional blade damping model that was previously used in blade control designs. This paper describes the formulation of three modal damping models based on the new experimental data and their integration into the single blade heliogyro model. A comparison of the robustness and performance envelopes for the baseline proximal blade twist feedback controller using these damping models shows the ability to meet the required settling time of less than 720 s necessary for a heliogyro technology demonstration mission. This comparison of physically realizable root pitch control systems for a heliogyro blade is critical to increasing the sailcraft to Technology Readiness Level three.     

Effects of different aging treatments on microstructures and mechanical properties of Al-Cu-Li alloy joints welded by electron beam welding

Post-weld single aging treatment(solution treatment at 510 ℃ for 1 h, water quenching,and aging at 155 ℃ for 16 h) and post-weld double aging treatment(solution treatment at 510 ℃ for 1 h, water quenching, aging at 155 ℃ for 16 h, and aging at 130 ℃ for 12 h) are carried out on Al-Cu-Li alloy joints by electron beam welding(EBW) respectively. The effects of aging treatments on microstructures and mechanical properties of welded joints are investigated. Results show that the mechanical properties of welded joints are obviously improved after both aging treatments. The strength coefficient of joints is increased from 0.64 in an as-welded condition(AW) to 0.90 after post-weld double aging treatment. Microstructure analysis shows that the precipitates of the fusion zone within grains and grain boundaries are less in the AW condition. After post-weld heat treatment(PWHT), a lot of fine needle-like phases T_1(Al_2 Cu Li) precipitate in grain boundaries of the fusion zone, and more horseshoe-shaped β' (Al_3 Zr) particles precipitate within grains. In addition,grains of the fusion zone are refined after post-weld double aging treatment, which leads to an effect of grain refinement strengthening. Consequently, the mechanical properties of welded joints are greatly improved.     

基于球堆叠的月壤蓄热器传热特性数值研究

月壤蓄热是月球原位资源利用的一种重要方式，也是解决未来月球基地能源需求的最具潜力的途径之一。针对月壤蓄热过程，建立了基于球形堆叠的月壤蓄热器多孔介质蓄热模型。蓄热器的壳体采用登月舱下降级的燃料罐，流体传热介质采用氦气。通过数值模拟的方法研究了不同流动压降下月壤蓄热球堆叠方式、球直径对蓄热器传热过程的影响规律和机理，并分析了蓄热动态过程。研究结果表明，月壤蓄热球在简单立方体均匀堆叠（SC）和面中心立方体均匀堆叠(FCC)两种方式下，SC堆叠方式的综合蓄热指数比FCC模式可提高302%；同时还发现月壤蓄热球的直径存在最优值，可使得蓄热器在单位泵功下获得最大的蓄热量，并且该最佳值随着流体进出口压差增加而减小。该研究可为未来月壤蓄热器的设计和优化提供理论指导。     

空心阴极热特性优化研究

空心阴极常用于霍尔或离子电推进系统的电子源，其热特性对自身工作寿命和能效有重要影响。为考察工作过程中阴极的温度分布和热耗散特性，对空心阴极进行数值分析。采用等离子体流场计算数据与温度场计算数据互为输入条件，进行反复迭代的方式，计算稳态下阴极内部的温度场。为验证模型与计算代码的正确性，在真空舱内开展阴极的放电试验，利用热电偶与光学温度计对阴极5个测点进行测温，并将试验结果与计算结果进行比对。结果表明，计算的最大误差在5%以内。在此基础上，考察了不同结构、材料空心阴极内部的温度分布以及热耗散情况。当阴极整体长度由小变大时，阴极整体热耗散功率会先减小后增大，而采用发射率较高的外壳材料会提高阴极整体热耗散且降低整体温度。     

Evaluation of thermal effects on temperature-sensitive operating force of flow servo valve for fuel metering unit

The temperature-induced variation in operating force of flow control valves may result in performance degradation or even jam faults of fuel metering unit (FMU), which significantly affects the safety of aircrafts. In this work, an analytical modeling approach of temperature-sensitive operating-force of servo valve is proposed to investigate the temperature characteristics in varying temperature conditions. Considering the temperature effects, a new extended model of flow force is built and an analytical model of valve friction is also derived theoretically based on the dynamic clearance induced by thermal effects. The extremum condition of friction is obtained to analyze the characteristic-temperature points where jam faults occur easily. The numerical results show that flow force increases firstly and then decreases as temperature increases under a constant valve opening. The maximum friction of flow servo valve can be uniquely determined when the structural parameters and ambient temperature are given. The worst situation just happens at the characteristic-temperature points, which are linearly related to the axial temperature gradients of valve spool. Such evaluations may give an explanation for the temperature-induced jam faults of vulnerable valves and provide a reference for designers to determine a suitable working-temperature range of valves in practice.     

高温气体效应对高超声速磁流体控制的影响

高温气体效应会严重影响高温气体流场的流动特性，进而影响高超声速磁流体控制效率。基于低磁雷诺数假设，通过耦合求解带电磁源项的三维Navier-Stokes流场控制方程和电场泊松方程，开展完全气体模型、平衡气体模型、化学非平衡气体模型、热化学非平衡气体模型等条件下的高超声速磁流体控制数值模拟，分析气体模型对磁流体控制的影响，研究高温气体各种非平衡效应及焦耳热振动能量配比等对高超声速磁流体控制的影响规律。研究表明：化学非平衡效应对高超声速磁流体控制影响显著，采用化学非平衡气体模型模拟得到的磁控增阻特性介于完全气体模型和平衡气体模型之间，平衡气体和完全气体模型磁控热流变化的定性规律，与非平衡气体模型模拟结果差异很大；热力学非平衡效应对高超声速磁流体控制的影响，与焦耳热振动能量作用比率紧密相关，随该配比增大，磁场增阻效果由67%降到约12%；高温气体效应会极大地降低磁控增阻效果，会明显地增强部分表面区域的磁控热流减缓效果，要准确数值模拟高超声速磁流体控制，必须有效地考虑化学和热力学非平衡效应，同时选用接近实际情况的焦耳热振动能量配比。     

半圆柱形凹靶面单排射流冲击换热实验研究

对半圆柱形凹形靶面单排圆形喷管和冠齿形喷管射流冲击换热进行了实验研究。凹形靶面直径与喷管直径之比D/d为10，射流孔节距与直径之比W/d为5，射流雷诺数分别为5 000、10 000和20 000，冲击间距比H/d分别为2、4、6和8。实验结果表明：两种形状喷管均在冲击间距比H/d=4时获得最强的驻点对流换热，但凹靶面前缘附近纵向平均努塞尔数基本呈现随射流冲击间距增加而减小的单调变换趋势；相对于圆形喷管，冠齿喷管射流冲击使得凹形靶面前缘线上的纵向平均努塞尔数最大提高幅度约为16%，凹形靶面前缘±2d区域的面积平均努塞尔数最大提高幅度约为18%。     

低速引射对高超声速飞行器气动加热影响

为研究低速引射对高超声速飞行器气动加热的影响,对高超声速来流条件下大面积平板引射进行数值模拟,讨论了引射孔结构、迎角和引射入口速度对边界层流场的影响,得到了不同引射孔结构下壁面热流,引射影响因子及流动参数随引射入口速度的变化。结果表明:低速气体引射在一定程度上能缓解引射区域壁面和下游壁面的气动加热情况。4种引射状态中引射孔结构4(即面引射)壁面热流最低,其他3种引射孔结构冷却效果基本相当。相同条件下10°迎角低速气体引射降热效果明显优于0°迎角的情况。引射入口速度v=20 m/s时,0°迎角情况下,引射区引射影响因子约为0.23,即壁面平均热流降低约23%;10°迎角情况下,引射区引射影响因子约为0.45,约为0°迎角情况的2倍。     

机载换热器工作包线计算及试验研究

机载环控用气液板翅式换热器,热边为循环冷却液,冷边为冲压空气,其换热量与飞行高度、飞行马赫数息息相关。为了确定换热器满足换热量要求的工作条件,提出一种额定换热器工作包线计算方法,对换热器进行参数计算和优化,最终得到符合技术要求的工作包线和换热器结构。选取工作包线上典型工作点,设计真空舱试验,模拟飞行高度和速度,对换热器换热性能进行测试。试验结果显示各工作点换热器换热量与额定换热量相差3.2%,表明工作包线计算方法可行、准确,可为同类换热器优化设计和工作包线计算提供参考。     

小卫星瞬态外热流下动态传热特性分析

为揭示小卫星瞬态外热流下的动态传热特性规律,以小卫星双层集总参数模型为研究对象,推导得到动态热平衡方程。类比阻尼振荡系统,采用时频变换和传递函数分析的新思路,对温度与热流波动量间的幅值特性和相位特性变化规律进行理论研究,并利用数值方法进行验证。结果表明:推导获得了小卫星传热系统自然频率和阻尼比的热参数准则式,并证明了小卫星传热系统在热激励下振荡特性为过阻尼。阻尼比和频率比的增大及热流静位移的减小均可降低温度的波动幅度,不同频率比范围下阻尼比对热流的波动量与温度波动量间的相位差的影响呈相反规律,数值结果与解析分析结果一致。可为低热惯性小卫星的热控优化设计提供理论参考。